Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Experimental change in personality: Overexpression of GDNF in the rat striatum converts the low exploratory phenotype into highly explorative

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.16.643460

Figure Lengend Snippet: GDNF overexpression affects dopamin- and serotonergic neurotransmission in striatum and throughout the brain. (a) GDNF overexpression increased dopamine turnover in striatum, expressed as DOPAC/DA ratio. This was statistically significant in the first experiment (left; Student’s t-test, t=2.22, df=13; p=0.045; LE-GFP n=6; LE-GDNF n=9) and observed as a tendency when animals were sacrificed after microdialysis (right; LE-GFP n=13; LE-GDNF n=11; HE-GFP n=7; HE-GDNF n=9). (b) GDNF overexpression increased serotonin turnover in striatum, expressed as 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio. This was observed as a tendency in the first experiment (left; LE-GFP n=6; LE-GDNF n=9) and statistically significant when animals were sacrificed after microdialysis (right; two-way ANOVA, GDNF effect: F(1,36)=14.78; p=0.0005; LE-GFP n=13; LE-GDNF n=11; HE-GFP n=7; HE-GDNF n=9). (c) Striatal GDNF overexpression increased the levels of DOPAC (left; two-way ANOVA, GDNF effect: F(1,54)=4.27; p=0.043) and tended to increase 5-HIAA (right; two-way ANOVA, GDNF effect: F(1,54)=3.35; p=0.073) in the nucleus accumbens. (d) Striatal GDNF overexpression tended to increase the levels of dopamine (left; two-way ANOVA, GDNF effect: F(1,70)=4.98; p=0.029) and DOPAC (right; two-way ANOVA, GDNF effect: F(1,25)=3.45; p=0.075) in hippocampus. (e) Increase of 5-HIAA levels in LE-rats in frontal cortex after GDNF overexpression in striatum (Student’s t-test, t=2.16, df=40; p=0.036). (f) Increase of normetanephrine levels in the hypothalamus after GDNF overexpression in striatum (two-way ANOVA, GDNF effect: F(1,39)=6.31; p=0.016). (g) Striatal GDNF overexpression decreased the levels of 5-HIAA (left; two-way ANOVA, GDNF effect: F(1,61)=4.06; p=0.048) and increased DOPAC/DA ratio (right; two-way ANOVA, HE/LE × GDNF interaction: F(1,61)=5.27; p=0.025) in the raphe area in HE-rats. Data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m.; see Source Data for statistical details. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 compared to respective comparison group.

Article Snippet: The microdialysis probe was connected to a syringe pump (SP101, World Precision Instruments, Inc., Sarasota, FL, USA) and to a refrigerated microsampler (Univentor 820, Univentor Limited, BLB029 Bulebel Industrial Estate, Zejtun ZTN 3000, Malta) and perfused with Ringer solution (147 mM NaCl, 4 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl 2 , 1.0 mM MgCl 2 , 1.0 mM Na 2 HPO 4 ; pH 7.20–7.22) at a constant rate of 1.5 μl/min.

Techniques: Over Expression, Comparison

Journal:

Article Title: Intrahippocampal infusions of anisomycin produce amnesia: Contribution of increased release of norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine

doi: 10.1101/lm.1333409

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of intrahippocampal injections of anisomycin and aCSF on release of NE. Microdialysis samples were collected every 60 min beginning 2 h before and ending 3 h after injections. Anisomycin and aCSF microinfusions were performed during the first 4 min of P1. Note that NE levels exhibited a large increase in release in the ventral hippocampus immediately after injections of anisomycin, returning to baseline in subsequent samples. (B) Baseline; (P) post-injection.

Article Snippet: In the microdialysis experiments, rats received bilateral injections of anisomycin, on one side via a 30-gauge standard injection cannula and the other side via the injection port of the combination microdialysis probe/injector cannula (MD-2252, 30 gauge; Bioanalytical Systems Inc.) in which an injection port passes through the microdialysis membrane to the tip of the probe, allowing microinjections during microdialysis.

Techniques: Injection

Journal:

Article Title: Intrahippocampal infusions of anisomycin produce amnesia: Contribution of increased release of norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine

doi: 10.1101/lm.1333409

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of intrahippocampal injections of anisomycin and aCSF on release of DA. Microdialysis samples were collected every 60 min beginning 2 h before and ending 3 h after injections. Anisomycin and aCSF microinfusions were performed during the first 4 min of P1. Note that DA levels exhibited a large increase in release in ventral hippocampus immediately after injections of anisomycin, returning to baseline in subsequent samples. (B) Baseline; (P) post-injection.

Article Snippet: In the microdialysis experiments, rats received bilateral injections of anisomycin, on one side via a 30-gauge standard injection cannula and the other side via the injection port of the combination microdialysis probe/injector cannula (MD-2252, 30 gauge; Bioanalytical Systems Inc.) in which an injection port passes through the microdialysis membrane to the tip of the probe, allowing microinjections during microdialysis.

Techniques: Injection

Journal:

Article Title: Intrahippocampal infusions of anisomycin produce amnesia: Contribution of increased release of norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine

doi: 10.1101/lm.1333409

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of intrahippocampus injections of anisomycin (N = 4) and aCSF (N = 4) on release of ACh. Microdialysis samples were collected every 30 min beginning 2 h before and ending 3 h after injections. Note that ACh release increased significantly immediately after injections of anisomycin, returning to baseline in subsequent samples. (B) Baseline; (P) post-injection.

Article Snippet: In the microdialysis experiments, rats received bilateral injections of anisomycin, on one side via a 30-gauge standard injection cannula and the other side via the injection port of the combination microdialysis probe/injector cannula (MD-2252, 30 gauge; Bioanalytical Systems Inc.) in which an injection port passes through the microdialysis membrane to the tip of the probe, allowing microinjections during microdialysis.

Techniques: Injection

Journal: Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)

Article Title: Sex Differences Distinguish Intracortical Glutamate Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Extracellular Dopamine Levels in the Prefrontal Cortex of Adult Rats

doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhu222

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative photomicrographs (left panels, A) and line drawings (right panels, B) showing the locations of microdialysis probe tracks in relation to cytoarchitectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex in male and female rats. The tissue sections shown (A) are counterstained with cresyl violet. Visible damage from the probe tracks is identified by white triangles (male) and white stars (female). Higher power photomicrographs of these probe tracks show their relation to cortical layers (I–VI) and white matter (wm). Line drawings (B) and their cytoarchitectonic boundaries are as per plate 8 of the Paxinos and Watson rat atlas; the locations of microdialysis probe tracks are depicted as black lines. The antagonist drug study is identified above line drawing pairs. Scale bar = 1 mm. IL, infralimbic cortex; PrL, prelimbic cortex; wm, white matter

Article Snippet: Rats were placed in clear bowls (Raturn, BioAnalytical Systems) and allowed to acclimate for 10 min. Microdialysis probes (100 000 Da cutoff, 2 mm Polyethersylphone exposed membrane tip, CMA Microdialysis) were then gently inserted through guide cannulae and perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF; 145 mM NaCl; 2.8 mM KCl; 1.2 mM MgCl 2 ; 0.25 mM ascorbic acid; 5.4 mM d -glucose, 1.2 mM CaCl 2 , pH 6.8) at a flow rate of 2 μL/min for a 2-h equilibration period.

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Neurotensin Activates GABAergic Interneurons in the Prefrontal Cortex

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3579-04.2005

Figure Lengend Snippet: Typical localization of the microdialysis probe in the PFC. In this toluidine blue-stained section, the exchange portion of the probe can be seen in the deep layers of the prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) PFC.

Article Snippet: A microdialysis probe (260 μm outer diameter, with a 3.0 mm exchange length; Bioanalytical Systems) was inserted through the guide cannula.

Techniques: Staining

Journal: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Article Title: Pathological Activity in Mediodorsal Thalamus of Rats with Spinal Cord Injury Pain

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2639-12.2013

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bars represent means (and SEM) of hindlimb withdrawal thresholds in rats before and after drug infusion through microdialysis cannulas implanted over the right ZI, or the substantia nigra (pars reticulata). Infusion of muscimol resulted in a large and significant decrease in withdrawal of both hindlimbs. In contrast, infusion of saline had no discernible effect. Similarly, muscimol injection into substantia nigra had no effect on withdrawal thresholds.

Article Snippet: In a different group of naïve rats (n = 9), a microdialysis probe (CMA Microdialysis, Solna, Sweden) was implanted into the ventral portion of zona incerta (ZIv; stereotaxic coordinates: A: -3.9 mm, L: 2.8 mm, D: 7.1 mm ( Paxinos and Watson, 1998 ).

Techniques: Saline, Injection